What is php?

                                 "PHP is a server-side, cross-platform, HTML embedded scripting language."
That's a mouthful, but if we break the definition down into smaller pieces, it is easier to understand.

server-side: This means that PHP scripts execute on the Web server, not within the browser on your local machine.

cross-platform: Cross-platform means that PHP scripts can run on many different operating systems and Web servers. PHP is available for the two most popular Web server configurations (IIS running on Windows NT and Apache running on UNIX).

HTML embedded scripting language: This means that PHP statements and commands are actually embedded in your HTML documents. When the Web server sees the PHP statements in the Web page, the server executes the statements and sends the resulting output along with the rest of the HTML. PHP commands are parsed by the server much like Active Server Pages or Cold Fusion tags.        

What is short message service center (SMSC)?

                             A short message service center (SMSC) is the portion of a wireless network that handlesSMS operations, such as routing, forwarding and storing incoming text messages on their way to desired endpoints. Wireless network operators connect SMSCs through SMS gateways.

What is XML?

                                                                       XML (Extensible Markup Language) is a flexible way to create common information formats and share both the format and the data on the World Wide Web, intranets, and elsewhere. For example, computer makers might agree on a standard or common way to describe the information about a computer product (processor speed, memory size, and so forth) and then describe the product information format with XML. Such a standard way of describing data would enable a user to send an intelligent agent (a program) to each computer maker's Web site, gather data, and then make a valid comparison. XML can be used by any individual or group of individuals or companies that wants to share information in a consistent way.

What is ASP?

                                       ASP stands for Active Server Pages, and it is Microsoft's implementation of server-side scripting. In short, this server-site scripting basically means that a script is parsed and executed by the server. When a user requests a web-page containing ASP, the web-server will parse code and send the result to the user, so the ASP code will never reach the user's browser. This is the exact opposite of JavaScript.

Computers Related Full Form

ALU - Arithmetic logic unit
ACPI: Advanced Configuration and Power Interface
AC: Alternating Current
AM: Amplitude Modulated
AMD: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.
AMD: Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.
AMI: American Megatrends Inc.
ANSI: American National Standards Institute
APIC: Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller
APM: Advanced Power Management
ASCII: American Standard Code for Information Interchange
ASIC: Application Specific Integrated Circuit
ASPI: Advanced SCSI Programming Interface
AT: Advanced Technology
ATA: AT Bus Attachment
ATAPI: ATA Packet Interface
ATM: Asynchronous Transfer Mode
BBS: Bulletin Board System
BCC: Block Check Character
BSC: Binary Synchronous Communications
BSD: Berkeley Standard Distribution
BTU: British Thermal Units
BCD: Binary Coded Decimal
BIOS: Basic Input / Output System
BNC: Bayonet Nut Connector
BPS/bps: Bytes/bits Per Second
CAM: Computer Aided Manufacturing
CAD: Computer Aided Design
CAS: Column Address Strobe
CPU - Central Processing Unit
CPI: Clocks Per Instruction
CR: Carriage Return
CUI - Composite User Interface
CRT - Cathode Ray Tube
CRC: Cyclical Redundancy Check
CD: Carrier Detect & Compact Disc
CD-R - Compact Disc-Recordable
CD-RW - Compact Disc-ReWritable
CD-ROM - Compact disc read-only memory
CGA: Color Graphics Adapter
CHS: Cylinder Head Sector
COMPUTER - Common Oriented Machine Particularly Used for Trade Education and Research
CMOS: Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor
CSR: Command Status Register
CTS: Clear To Send
DVI - Digital Visual Interface
DVD - Digital Video Disc or Digital Versatile Disc
DAT: Digital Audio Tape
DC: Direct Current
DCD: Data Carrier Detect
DCE: Data Circuit-terminating Equipment
DD: Double Density
DEC: Digital Equipment Corporation
DIP: Dual-In-line Package
DMA: Direct Memory Access
DMI: Desktop Management Interface
DOS: Disk Operating System
DPE: Data Parity Error
DRAM: Dynamic Random Access Memory
DS: Double Sided
DSP: Digital Signal Processor
DSR: Data Set Ready
DTC: Data Terminal Controller
DTE: Data Terminating Equipment
DTR: Data Terminal Ready
EBCDIC: Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code
EC: Error Check
ECC: Error Check and Correction
ECP: Enhanced Communication Port
ECU: EISA Configuration Utility
EDO: Extended Data Out RAM
EEPROM: Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
EGA: Enhanced Graphics Adapter
EIA: Electronic Industries Association
EIDE: Enhanced Integrated Device Electronics
EISA: Enhanced Industry Standard Architecture
EMI: Electro-Magnetic Interference
EMF: Electro-Magnetic Force
EMS: Expanded Memory Specification
EOF: End Of File
EOL: End Of Line
EPP: Enhanced Parallel Port
EPROM: Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
ESCD: Extended System Configuration Data
ESD: Electro-Static Discharge
ESDI: Enhanced Small Devices Interface
FTP - File Transfer Protocol
FAT: File Allocation Table
FCC: Federal Communications Commission
FDD: Fixed/Floppy Disk Drive
FDDI: Fiber Distributed Data Interface
FDM: Frequency Division Multiplexing
FDX: Full-Duplex Transmission
FE: Front End
FEP: Front End Processor
FF: Form Feed
FIFO: First-In First-Out
FILO: First-In Last-Out
FM: Frequency Modulation
FPGA: Field Programmable Gate Array
FPM: Fast Page Mode RAM
FPU: Floating Point Unit
FRC: Functional Redundancy Checking
FRU: Field-Replaceable Unit
FSF: Free Software Foundation
FSK: Frequency Shifty Keying
GUI - Graphical user interface
GAS: Gallium Arsenide
GFLOPS: Billions of Floating Point Operations Per Second
HTML – Hyper Text Markup Language
HD: High Density / Hard Disk
HDD: Hard Disk Drive
HDX: Half-Duplex Transmission
HFS: Hierarchical File System
HPFS: High Performance File System
IBM - International Business Machines, Indian Bureau of Mines
I/O: Input/Output
IC: Integrated Circuit
IDE: Integrated Device Electronics
IEEE: Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
IMP: Interface Message Processor
IPC: Inter Process Communication
IPX: Inter network Packet eXchange
IRQ: Interrupt ReQuest
ISA: Industry Standard Architecture
ISDN: Integrated Services Digital Network
ISO: International Standards Organization
JFS: Journalized File System
KNI: Katmai New Instructions
KVA: KiloVolt-Amps
LBA: Linear Block Array / Addressing
LCD - Liquid crystal display
LAN - Local area network
LOGO - Language of Graphic-Oriented
LED: Light Emitting Diode
LF: Line Feed
LIM: Lotus/Intel/Microsoft’s Expanded Memory Manager
LRU: Least-Recently Used
LSB/lsb: Least Significant Byte/bit
LSI: Large Scale Integration
LUN: Logical Unit Number
LASER - Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
MAN - Metropolitan area network
MIPS - Microprocessor without Interlocked Pipeline Stages
MSo - Micro Soft Office, Multi system operator
MB/Mb: Mega Bytes/bits
MBR: Master Boot Record
MCA: Micro Channel Architecture
MCGA: Multi-Color Graphics Array
MCM: Multi-Chip Module
MDRAM: Multi-bank RAM
MFLOPS: Millions of FLOating Point Operations per Second
MFM: Modified Frequency Modulated
MHz: MegaHertz
MICR: Magnetic Ink Character Recognition
MIDI: Musical Instrument Data Interface
MIMD: Multiple-Instruction Multiple-Data
MISD: Multiple-Instruction Single Data
MMX: Multi-Media Extensions
MNP: Microcom Network Protocol
MODEM: MOdulator / DEModulator
MOPS: Millions of Operations Per Second
MOS: Metal-Oxide Semiconductor
MP: Multi-Processor
MPP: Massively Parallel Processor
MPS: Multi-Processor System
MSB/msb: Most Significant Byte/bit
MSDOS: Microsoft’s Disk Operating System
SI: Medium Scale Integration
MTBF: Mean Time Between Failure
N/C: No-Connect
NBS: National Bureau of Standards
NEMA: National Electrical Manufacturers Association
NFS: Network File System
NFU: Not-Frequently Used
NMI: Non-Maskable Interrupt
NMOS: Negatively doped Metal-Oxide Semiconductor
NOP: No OPeration NRU Not-Recently Used
NSF: National Science Foundation
NVRAM: NonVolatile Random Access Memory
OCR: Optical Character Recognition
ODI: Open Data link Interface
OEM: Original Equipment Manufacturer
OS: Operating System
OSF: Open Software Foundation
OSI: Open Systems Interconnect
PAL/PLA: Programmable Array Logic / Logic Array
PB: Push Button
PBX: Private Branch eXtender
PC: Personal Computer, Program Counter
PCB: Printed Circuit Board
PCI: Peripheral Component Interconnect
PCM: Pulse Code Modulation
PCMCIA: Personal Computer Memory Card International Association
PE: Processor Element
PFF: Page Fault Frequency
PGA: Professional Graphics Array
PGA: Pin Grid Array
PIC: Programmable Interrupt Controller
PIO: Programmed Input / Output
PIROM: Processor Information ROM
PLCC: Plastic Leaded Chip Carrier
PLL: Phase Locked Loop
PM: Preventive Maintenance
PMOS: Positively doped Metal-Oxide Semiconductor
PnP: Plug-and-Play
POST: Power On Self Test
PPP: Point-to-Point Protocol
PQFP: Plastic Quad Flat Pack
PROM: Programmable Read Only Memory
PSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network
PTE: Page Table Entry
QAM: Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
QFP: Quad Flat Pack
QIC: Quarter Inch Cartridge
RAM - Random-access memory
RAID: Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks
RAMDAC: Random Access Memory Digital to Analogue Converter
RAS: Row Address Strobe
RCA: Radio Corporation of America
RCC: Routing Control Center
RDRAM: Rambus DRAM
RFC: Request For Comments
RFI: Radio Frequency Interference
RI: Ring Indicator
RISC: Reduced Instruction-Set Computer
RLL: Run Length Limited
RMS: Root Mean Squared
RMW: Read Modify Write
ROM: Read Only Memory
RPC: Remote Procedure Call
RPM: Rotations Per Minute
RTC: Real Time Clock
RTS: Request To Send
SAM: Sequential Access Memory
SASI: Shugart Associates Standard Interface
SCSI: Small Computer Systems Interface
SD: Single Density
SDLC: Synchronous Data Link Control
SDRAM: Synchronous Dynamic RAM
SDRAM DDR: Double Data Rate SDRAM
SDRAM BDDR: Bi-Directional Strobed DDR SDRAM
SE: Systems Engineer
SEC: Single Edge Contact
SFF: Small Form Factor
SGRAM: Synchronous Graphics RAM
SMS - Short Message Service
SIMD: Single-Instruction Multiple-Data
SIMM: Single Inline Memory Module
SIPP: Single Inline Pinned Package
SISD: Single-Instruction Single-Dat
SLIP: Serial Line Internet Protocol
SMD: Surface Mount Device
SMT: Surface Mount Technology
SNA: System Network Architecture
SNR: Signal to Noise Ratio
SO/SOL: Small Out Line
SOIC: Small Outline Integrated Circuit
SPOOL: Simultaneous Peripheral Operation On Line
SPT: Sectors Per Track
SPU: Single Processor Unit
SRAM: Static Random Access Memory
SS: Single Sided
STDM: Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing
STN: Super Twisted Nematic
STU: Streaming Tape Unit
SVGA: Super Video Graphics Array
TCM: Trellis Code Modulation
TCP/IP: Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol
TDM: Time Division Multiplexing
TI: Texas Instruments
TIA: Telecomm Industry Association
TLB: Translation-Look aside Buffer
TPI: Tracks Per Inch
TRANSISTOR: TRANSformer resISTOR
TSR: Terminate and Stay Resident
TTL: Transistor-Transistor Logic
UAE: Unrecoverable Application Error
UART: Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter
UDP: User Datagram Protocol
UMB: Upper Memory Block
UNIX: A trademark used for a computer disk operating system
UPS - Uninterruptible power supply
USL: UNIX System Labs
UUCP: UNIX to UNIX Copy Program
VIRUS - Vital Information Resources Under Seize
VDU - Visual Display Unit
VBE: Video BIOS Extensions
VCR: Video Cassette RecorderVESA: Video Enhanced Standards Association
VGA: Video Graphics Array
VLB: VESA Local Bus
VLIW: Very Long Instruction Word
VLSI: Very Large Scale Integration
VM: Virtual Memory
VME: Versa Module Euro-card
VRAM: Video Random Access Memory
VRT: Voltage Reduction Technology
VTR: Video Tape Recorder
WAN - Wide area network
WATS: Wide Area Telephone Service
WD: Western Digital
WORM: Write Once - Read-Many
WRAM: Window Random Access Memory
WS: Wait State
WWW - World Wide Web
XGA: eXtended Graphics Array
XMS: Extended Memory Specification
XOR: Exclusive-OR
XT: eXtended Technology
ZIF: Zero Insertion Force






ADSL – Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
AGP – Accelerated Graphics Port
ALI – Acer Labs, Incorporated
ALU – Arithmetic Logic Unit
AMD – Advanced Micro Devices
APC – American Power Conversion
ASCII – American Standard Code for Information Interchange
ASIC – Application Specific Integrated Circuit
ASPI – Advanced SCSI Programming Interface
AT – Advanced Technology
ATI – ATI Technologies Inc.
ATX – Advanced Technology Extended
BFG – BFG Technologies
BIOS – Basic Input Output System
BNC – Barrel Nut Connector
CAS – Column Address Signal
CD – Compact Disk
CDR – Compact Disk Recorder
CDRW – Compact Disk Re-Writer
CD-ROM – Compact Disk – Read Only Memory
CFM – Cubic Feet per Minute (ft?/min)
CMOS – Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
CPU – Central Processing Unit
CTX – CTX Technology Corporation (Commited to Excellence)
DDR – Double Data Rate
DDR-SDRAM – Double Data Rate – Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory
DFI – DFI Inc. (Design for Innovation)
DIMM – Dual Inline Memory Module
DRAM – Dynamic Random Access Memory
DPI – Dots Per Inch
DSL – See ASDL
DVD – Digital Versatile Disc
DVD-RAM – Digital Versatile Disk – Random Access Memory
ECC – Error Correction Code
ECS – Elitegroup Computer Systems
EDO – Extended Data Out
EEPROM – Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
EPROM – Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
EVGA – EVGA Corporation
FC-PGA – Flip Chip Pin Grid Array
FDC – Floppy Disk Controller
FDD – Floppy Disk Drive
FPS – Frame Per Second
FPU – Floating Point Unit
FSAA – Full Screen Anti-Aliasing
FS – For Sale
FSB – Front Side Bus
GB – Gigabytes
GBps – Gigabytes per second or Gigabits per second
GDI – Graphical Device Interface
GHz – GigaHertz
HDD – Hard Disk Drive
HIS – Hightech Information System Limited
HP – Hewlett-Packard Development Company
HSF – Heatsink-Fan
IBM – International Business Machines Corporation
IC – Integrated Circuit
IDE – Integrated Drive Electronics
IFS- Item for Sale
IRQ – Interrupt Request
ISA – Industry Standard Architecture
ISO – International Standards Organization
JBL – JBL (Jame B. Lansing) Speakers
JVC – JVC Company of America
Kbps – Kilobits Per Second
KBps – KiloBytes per second
LG – LG Electronics
LAN – Local Area Network
LCD – Liquid Crystal Display
LDT – Lightning Data Transport
LED – Light Emitting Diode
MAC – Media Access Control
MB – MotherBoard or Megabyte
MBps – Megabytes Per Second
Mbps – Megabits Per Second or Megabits Per Second
MHz – MegaHertz
MIPS – Million Instructions Per Second
MMX – Multi-Media Extensions
MSI – Micro Star International
NAS – Network Attached Storage
NAT – Network Address Translation
NEC – NEC Corporation
NIC – Network Interface Card
OC – Overclock (Over Clock)
OCZ – OCZ Technology
OEM – Original Equipment Manufacturer
PC – Personal Computer
PCB – Printed Circuit Board
PCI – Peripheral Component Interconnect
PDA – Personal Digital Assistant
PCMCIA – Peripheral Component Microchannel Interconnect Architecture
PGA – Professional Graphics Array
PLD – Programmable Logic Device
PM – Private Message / Private Messaging
PnP – Plug ‘n Play
PNY – PNY Technology
POST – Power On Self Test
PPPoA – Point-to-Point Protocol over ATM
PPPoE – Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet
PQI – PQI Corporation
PSU – Power Supply Unit
RAID – Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks
RAM – Random Access Memory
RAMDAC – Random Access Memory Digital Analog Convertor
RDRAM – Rambus Dynamic Random Access Memory
ROM – Read Only Memory
RPM – Revolutions Per Minute
SASID – Self-scanned Amorphous Silicon Integrated Display
SCA – SCSI Configured Automatically
SCSI – Small Computer System Interface
SDRAM – Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory
SECC – Single Edge Contact Connector
SODIMM – Small Outline Dual Inline Memory Module
SPARC – Scalable Processor ArChitecture
SOHO – Small Office Home Office
SRAM – Static Random Access Memory
SSE – Streaming SIMD Extensions
SVGA – Super Video Graphics Array
S/PDIF – Sony/Philips Digital Interface
TB – Terabytes
TBps – Terabytes per second
Tbps – Terabits per second
TDK – TDK Electronics
TEC – Thermoelectric Cooler
TCP – Transmission Control Protocol
TPC – TipidPC
TWAIN – Technology Without An Important Name
UART – Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter
USB – Universal Serial Bus
UTP – Unshieled Twisted Pair
VCD – Video CD
VPN – Virtual Private Network
WAN – Wide Area Network
WTB – Want to Buy
WYSIWYG – What You See Is What You Get
XGA – Extended Graphics Array
XFX – XFX Graphics, a Division of Pine
XML – eXtensible Mark-up Language
XMS – Extended Memory Specification
XT – Extended Technology

What is Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)?

                                 A DBMS that is based on relational model is called as RDBMS. Relation model is most
successful mode of all three models. Designed by E.F. Codd, relational model is based
on the theory of sets and relations of mathematics.
                                             Relational model represents data in the form a table. A table is a two dimensional
array containing rows and columns. Each row contains data related to an entity such as a student. Each column contains the data related to a single attribute of the entity such as student name.

what is DBMS?

DBMS (Database
Management System) is a system that is used to store and manage data.

N-Tier Architecture

                                 N-tier application architecture provides a model for developers to create a flexible and reusable application. By breaking up an application into tiers, developers only have to modify or add a specific layer, rather than have to rewrite the entire application over. There should be a presentation tier, a business or data access tier, and a data tier.

Sachin's 100s

1) 119* vs ENG-Manchester-14 August 1990-Draw-Test
2) 148* vs AUS-Sydney-6 January 1992-Draw-Test
3) 114 vs AUS-Perth-3 February 1992-Lost-Test
4) 111 vs SA-Johannesburg-28 November 1992-Draw-Test
5) 165 vs ENG-Chennai-12 February 1993-Won-Test
6) 104* vs SL-Colombo-31 July 1993-Won-Test
7) 142 vs SL-Lucknow-19 January 1994-Won-Test

8) 110 vs AUS-Colombo-September 9, 1994-Won-ODI
9) 115 vs NZ-Vadodara-October 28, 1994-Won-ODI
10) 105 vs WI-Jaipur-November 11, 1994-Won-ODI

11) 179 vs WI-Nagpur-2 December 1994-Draw-Test

12) 112* vs SL-Sharjah-April 9, 1995-Won-ODI
13) 127* vs KEN-Cuttack-February 18, 1996-Won-ODI
14) 137 vs SL-New Delhi-March 2, 1996-Lost-ODI
15) 100 vs PAK-Singapore-April 5, 1996-Lost-ODI
16) 118 vs PAK-Sharjah-April 15, 1996-Won-ODI


17) 122 vs ENG-Birmingham-8 June 1996-Lost-Test
18) 177 vs ENG-Nottingham-5 July 1996-Draw-Test

19) 110# vs SL-Colombo-August 28, 1996-Lost-ODI
20) 114# vs SA-Mumbai-December 14, 1996-Won-ODI

21) 169# vs SA-Cape Town-4 January 1997-Lost-Test

21) 104# vs ZIM-Benoni-February 9, 1997-Won-ODI
23) 117# vs NZ-Bangalore-May 14, 1997-Won-ODI


24) 143# vs SL-Colombo-3 August 1997-Draw-Test
25) 139# vs SL-Colombo-11 August 1997-Draw-Test
26) 148# vs SL-Mumbai-4 December 1997-Draw-Test
27) 155* vs AUS-Chennai-9 March 1998-Test
28) 177 vs AUS-Bangalore-26 March 1998-Lost-Test

29) 100 vs AUS-Kanpur-April 7, 1998-Won-ODI
30) 143 vs AUS-Sharjah-April 22, 1998-Lost-ODI
31) 134 vs AUS-Sharjah-April 24, 1998-Won-ODI
32) 100* vs KEN-Kolkata-May 31, 1998-Won-ODI
33) 128 vs SL-Colombo-July 7, 1998-Won-ODI
34) 127* vs ZIM-Bulawayo-September 26, 1998-Won-ODI
35) 141 vs AUS-Dhaka-October 28, 1998-Won-ODI
36) 118* vs ZIM-Sharjah-November 8, 1998-Won-ODI
37) 124* vs ZIM-Sharjah-November 13, 1998-Won-ODI

38) 113 vs NZ-Wellington-29 December 1998-Lost-Test

39) 136 vs PAK-Chennai-31 January 1999-Lost-Test
40) 124* vs SL-Colombo-28 February 1999-Draw-Test

41) 140* vs KEN-Bristol-May 23, 1999-Won-ODI
42) 120# vs SL-Colombo-August 29, 1999-Won-ODI

43) 126*# vs NZ-Mohali-13 October 1999-Test
44) 217# vs NZ-Ahmedabad-30 October 1999-Draw-Test

45) 186*# vs NZ-Hyderabad-November 8, 1999-Won-ODI

46) 116# vs AUS-Melbourne-28 December 1999-Lost-Test

47) 122 vs SA-Vadodara-March 17, 2000-Won-ODI
48) 101 vs SL-Sharjah-October 20, 2000-Lost-ODI


49) 122 vs ZIM-New Delhi-21 November 2000-Won-Test
50) 201* vs ZIM-Nagpur-26 November 2000-Draw-Test

51) 146 vs ZIM-Jodhpur-December 8, 2000-Lost-ODI

52) 126 vs AUS-Chennai-20 March 2001-Won-Test

53) 139 vs AUS-Indore-March 31, 2001-Won-ODI
54) 127* vs WI-Harare-July 4, 2001-Won-ODI
55) 101 vs SA-Johannesburg-October 5, 2001-Lost-ODI
56) 146 vs KEN-Paarl-October 24, 2001-Won-ODI

57) 155 vs SA-Bloemfontein-3 November 2001-Lost-Test
58) 103 vs ENG-Ahmedabad-13 December 2001-Draw-Test
59) 176 vs ZIM-Nagpur-24 February 2002-Won-Test
60) 117 vs WI-Port of Spain-20 April 2002-Won-Test

61) 105* vs ENG-Chester-le-Street-July 4, 2002-N/R-ODI
62) 113 vs SL-Bristol-July 11, 2002-Won-ODI

63) 193 vs ENG-Leeds-23 August 2002-Won-Test
64) 176 vs WI-Kolkata-3 November 2002-Draw-Test

65) 152 vs NAMI-Pietermaritzburg-February 23, 2003-Won-ODI
66) 100 vs AUS-Gwalior-October 26, 2003-Won-ODI
67) 102 vs NZ-Hyderabad-November 15, 2003-Won-ODI

68) 241* vs AUS-Sydney-4 January 2004-Draw-Test

69) 141 vs PAK-Rawalpindi-March 16, 2004-Lost-ODI

70) 194* vs PAK-Multan-29 March 2004-Won-Test
71) 248* vs BAN-Dhaka-12 December 2004-Won-Test

72) 123 vs PAK-Ahmedabad-April 12, 2005-Lost-ODI

73) 109 vs SL-New Delhi-22 December 2005-Won-Test

74) 100 vs PAK-Peshawar-February 6, 2006-Lost-ODI
75) 141* vs WI-Kuala Lumpur-September 14, 2006-Lost-ODI
76) 100* vs WI-Vadodara-January 31, 2007-Won-ODI

77) 101 vs BAN-Chittagong-19 May 2007-Draw-Test
78) 122* vs BAN-Mirpur-26 May 2007-Won-Test
79) 154* vs AUS-Sydney-4 January 2008-Lost-Test
80) 153 vs AUS-Adelaide-25 January 2008-Draw-Test

81) 117* vs AUS-Sydney-March 2, 2008-Won-ODI

82) 109 vs AUS-Nagpur-6 November 2008-Won-Test
83) 103* vs ENG-Chennai-15 December 2008-Won-Test

84) 163* vs NZ-Christchurch-March 8, 2009-Won-ODI

85) 160 vs NZ-Hamilton-20 March 2009-Won-Test

86) 138 vs SL-Colombo-September 14, 2009-Won-ODI
87) 175 vs AUS-Hyderabad-November 5, 2009-Lost-ODI

88) 100* vs SL-Ahmedabad-20 November 2009-Draw-Test
89) 105* vs BAN-Chittagong-18 January 2010-Won-Test
90) 143 vs BAN-Mirpur-25 January 2010-Won-Test
91) 100 vs SA-Nagpur-9 February 2010-Lost-Test
92) 106 vs SA-Kolkata-15 February 2010-Won-Test

93) 200* vs SA-Gwalior-February 24, 2010-Won-ODI

94) 203 vs SL-Colombo-28 July 2010-Draw-Test
95) 214 vs AUS-Bangalore-11 October 2010-Won-Test
96) 111* vs SA-Centurion-19 December 2010-Lost-Test
97) 146 vs SA-Cape Town-4 January 2011-Draw-Test

98) 120 vs ENG-Bangalore-February 27, 2011-Tied-ODI
99) 111 vs SA-Nagpur-March 12, 2011-Lost-ODI

===========100========
100* vs BAN-Mirpur-16 March,2012- (ODI)

Differentiate NFA and DFA?

               NFA or Non Deterministic Finite Automaton is the one in which there exists many paths for a specific input from current state to next state. NFA  can be used in theory of computation because they  are more flexible and easier to use than DFA.

               Deterministic Finite Automaton is a FA in which there is only one path for a specific input from current state to next state. There is a  unique transition on each input symbol.(Write examples with diagrams).

What are the components of Finite automaton model?

               The components of FA model are Input tape, Read control and finite control.

         (a)The input tape is divided into number of cells. Each cell can hold one i/p symbol.

         (b)The read head reads one symbol at a time and moves ahead.

         ( c)Finite control acts like a CPU. Depending on the current state and input symbol        

              read from the input tape it changes state.

What is Moore machine and Mealy machine?

               A special case  of FA is Moore machine in which the output depends on the input and state of the machine.

               An automaton in whch the output depends on the transition and current input is called Mealy machine.

What are the applications of automata theory?

Ø  In compiler construction. 

Ø  In switching theory and design of digital circuits.

Ø  To verify the correctness of a program.

Ø  Design and analysis of complex software and hardware systems.

Ø  To design finite state machines such as Moore and mealy machines.

Define: (i) Finite Automaton(FA) (ii)Transition diagram

               FA consists of a finite set of states and a set of transitions from state to state that occur on input symbols chosen from an alphabet  ∑.  Finite Automaton is denoted by a

5- tuple(Q,∑,δ,q0,F), where Q is the finite set of states , ∑ is a finite input alphabet, q0 in Q is the initial state, F is the set of final states and  δ is the transition mapping function 

Q * Σ  to Q.

               Transition diagram is a directed graph in which the vertices of the graph correspond to the states of  FA. If  there is a transition from state q to state p on input a, then there is an arc labeled ‘ a ‘ from q to p in the transition diagram.

Give the examples/applications designed as finite state system.

               Text editors and lexical analyzers are designed as finite state systems. A  lexical analyzer scans the symbols of a program to locate strings corresponding to identifiers, constants etc, and it has to remember limited amount of information .

Why are switching circuits called as finite state systems?

                      A switching circuit consists of a finite number of gates ,each of which can be in any one of the two conditions 0 or 1.Although the voltages assume infinite set of values ,the electronic circuitry is designed so that the voltages corresponding to 0 or 1 are stable and all others adjust to these value. Thus control unit of a computer  is a finite state system.

Making Database Connection With Sql Server 2005 C#

string connectionstring = "server=MUKESH-PC\\SQLEXPRESS;database=Chat;trusted_connection=yes";

SqlConnection con = new SqlConnection(connectionstring);

SqlDataAdapter adp = new SqlDataAdapter("select * from users", con);

DataSet ds = new DataSet();

adp.Fill(ds, "student");

int s=ds.Tables[0].Rows.Count;

Get Values in the Dataset

First Row

String field1=ds.Tables[0].Rows[0].ItemArray[0].ToString();

String field2=ds.Tables[0].Rows[0].ItemArray[1].ToString();

Second Row

String field1=ds.Tables[0].Rows[1].ItemArray[0].ToString();

String field2=ds.Tables[0].Rows[1].ItemArray[1].ToString();

How to View a Crystal Report in Crystal Report Viewer C#

Namespaces:

using CrystalDecisions.CrystalReports.Engine;

using CrystalDecisions.Shared;

Code:

ReportDocument cryRpt = new ReportDocument();

cryRpt.Load("F: /WindowsFormsApplication1/CrystalReport1.rpt");                         //report path

cryRpt.SetDataSource(dt);                                                                //dt->datasource (datatable or ….)

crystalReportViewer1.ReportSource = cryRpt;

crystalReportViewer1.Refresh();

Get Text Box Text And Stote In a String C#

String  name= TextBox1.Text;

Executing a SQL Command C#

string connectionstring = "server=MUKESH-PC\\SQLEXPRESS;database=Chat;trusted_connection=yes";

SqlConnection con = new SqlConnection(connectionstring);

con.Open();

  SqlCommand cmd = new SqlCommand("insert into login values(‘mukesh’,’friend’)", con);

cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();

con.Close();

Convert a string Value to integer Value C#

int  a=Convert.ToInt32(TextBox1.Text);       // TextBox1.Text is a String

Web Page Requesting and getting Response ASP.NET C#

add namespace

using System.Net;

using System.IO;

code:

HttpWebRequest req = (HttpWebRequest) WebRequest. Create("http://www.rsmmukesh.blogspot.in/"); 

HttpWebResponse response = (HttpWebResponse)req.GetResponse();

StreamReader reader = new StreamReader(response.GetResponseStream());

string strSite = reader.ReadToEnd();

What is predictive parser?

                               Predictive parser is top down parsing method. As the name suggests the predictive parser tries to predict the next information using one or more look ahead symbols from input string.

What is augmented grammar?

                             If G is a grammar with start symbol S then G’ is the augmented grammar for G, G with a new start symbol S’ and with production S’->S.

Why LR parsing is good and attractive?

§  LR parsers can be constructed to recognize all programming language constructs for which CFG can be written.

§  LR parsing is non-backtracking Top-down parsing.

§  The LR parsing method is more general than operator precedence parsing.

                  §  LR parser can detect syntactic error as soon as possible, when left-to-right scan of the input

What is SLR (1) grammar?

                      A grammar having a SLR parsing table that has no multiple defined entries (conflicting actions) is said to be SLR(1) grammar

What is LL (1) grammar?

                         A Grammar whose parsing table has no multiple defined entries is said to be LL(1) grammar

What are the conflicts in shift reduce parsing?

·         Shift/Reduce conflict: The entire stack contents and the next input symbol cannot decide whether to shift or reduce.

·         Reduce/Reduce conflict: The entire stack contents and the next input symbol cannot decide which of several reductions to make.

What is operator grammar? Give example.

                      A grammar with the property that no production right side is ‘ε’ or no adjacent non terminals is said to be operator grammar.

(e.g.) E->E+E|E*E| id

List various types of grammars?

ü  Phase sensitive grammar

ü  Context sensitive grammar

ü  Context free grammar

ü  Regular grammar

Compare Top-down parsing and Bottom-up parsing?

                           In Top-down parsing, the parse tree is constructed from root to leaves.

(e.g.) Predictive parsing.

                           In Bottom-up parsing, the parse tree is constructed from leaves to root. (e.g.) Shift reduce parsing.

What is parser?

                  A parser for grammar ‘G’ is a program that takes input string ‘w’ and produces as output either a parse tree for ’w’ if ‘w’ is a sentence of G, or an error message indicating that ‘w’ is not a sentence of G.

Differentiate leftmost derivation and rightmost derivation.

                   Derivation in which only the leftmost non terminal in a sentential form is replaced at each step is called as leftmost derivation.

                   Derivation in which only the rightmost non terminal in a sentential form is replaced at each step is called as rightmost derivation.

What is left recursive grammar?

                                       A grammar is Left recursive grammar, if it has a non terminal A such that there is a derivation A->Aα for some string α.

What are the functions of parser?

ü  Representation of the tokens by codes.

ü  Grouping of tokens together into syntactic structure.

ü  Creating parse tree.

Compare production and reduction?

                                           The rules that define the ways in which the syntactic categories can be built are productions whereas the replacement of the string by a non terminal according to a grammar production is called reduction.

What do you mean by a syntax tree?

                            Syntax tree is a variant of a parse tree in which each leaf represents an operands and each interior node is an operator.

Mention the properties of parse tree.

o   The root is labeled by the start symbol.

o   Each leaf is labeled by a token or by  ε

o   Each interior node is labeled by a non terminal.

o   If A is the non terminal, labeling some interior node and X1, X2, X3…Xn are the labels of the children.

Write the advantages of Context free Grammar?

Easy to understand

An efficient parser can be constructed automatically from the grammar

What is CFG? Give example?

                                   CFG(Context  Free Grammar) is a notation used for representing the syntactic specification of a programming language. A grammar involves four quantities: terminals, non terminals, a starting symbol, and productions.

(e.g.)Grammar for arithmetic expression

        E->E+E|E*E| (E) |id

What is program counter? How is it useful in program execution?

                         The program counter keeps track of program execution. To execute a program the starting address of the program is loaded in program counter. The PC sends out an address to fetch a byte of instruction from memory and increments its content automatically.

What is mean by microcontroller?

                          A device which contains the microprocessor with integrated peripherals like memory, serial ports, parallel ports, timer/counter, interrupt controller, data acquisition interfaces like ADC, DAC is called microcontroller

What is an Interrupt?

                         Interrupt is a signal send by an external device to the processor so as to request the processor to perform a particular task or work.

What is baud rate?

The baud rate is the rate at which the serial data are transmitted.  Baud rate is defined as l /(The time for a bit cell). In some systems one bit cell has one data bit, then the baud rate and bits/sec are same.

What is Polling?

                      Polling is a scheme or an algorithm to identify the devices interrupting the processor. Polling is employed when multiple devices interrupt the processor through one interrupt pin of the processor.

What is an ALE?

                         The ALE (Address Latch Enable) is a signal used to demultiplex the address and data lines, using an external latch. It is used to enable the external latch.

What is a flag?

                      Flag is a flip flop used to store the information about the status of the processor and the status of the instruction executed most recently.

What is TRAP?

                    The TRAP is non-maskable interrupt of8085. It is not disabled by processor reset or after reorganization of interrupt

What is the difference between Hardware and Software interrupt?

                           The Software interrupt is initiated by the main program, but the Hardware interrupt is initiated by an external device. In 8085, the Software interrupt cannot be disabled or masked but the Hardware interrupt except TRAP can be disabled or masked.

What is Hardware interrupt?

                               If an interrupt is initiated in a processor by an appropriate signal at the interrupt pin, then the interrupt is called Hardware interrupt

What is Software interrupts?

                              The Software interrupts are program instructions. These instructions are inserted at desired locations in a program. While running a program, if software interrupt instruction is encountered then the processor executes an interrupt service routine.

What is opcode fetch cycle?

                         The opcode fetch cycle is a machine cycle executed to fetch the opcode of an instruction stored in memory. Every instruction starts with opcode fetch machine cycle

Define opcode and operand?

                 Opcode (Operation code) is the part of an instruction / directive that identifies a specific operation.

Operand is a part of an instruction / directive that represents a value on which the instruction acts

What is fetch and execute cycle?

                                    In general, the instruction cycle of an instruction can be divided into fetch and execute cycles. The fetch cycle is executed to fetch the opcode from memory. The execute cycle is executed to decode the instruction and to perform the work instructed by the instruction.

What is Instruction cycle?

                              The sequence of operations that a processor has to carry out while executing the instruction is called Instruction cycle. Each instruction cycle of a processor indium consists of a number of machine cycles.

What is processor cycle (Machine cycle)?

                            The processor cycle or machine cycle is the basic operation performed by the processor. To execute an instruction, the processor will run one or more machine cycles in a particular order

What is a port?

                    The port is a buffered I/O, which is used to hold the data transmitted from the microprocessor to I/O device or vice-versa.

What is interrupt I/0?

                      If the I/0 device initiate the data transfer through interrupt then the I/0 is called interrupt driven I/0.

What is the difference between CPU bus and system bus?

                          The CPU bus has multiplexed lines but the system bus has separate lines for each signal. (The multiplexed CPU lines are demultiplexed by the CPU interface circuit to form system bus).

Define machine cycle?

                      Machine cycle is defined as the time required to complete one operation of accessing memory, I/O, or acknowledging an external request. This cycle may consist of three to six T-states.

Why data bus is bi-directional?

                       The microprocessor has to fetch (read) the data from memory or input device for processing and after processing, it has to store (write) the data to memory or output device. Hence the data bus is bi-directional.

What is a bus?

                      Bus is a group of conducting lines that carries data, address and control signals.

Define bit, byte and word?

                                A digit of the binary number or code is called bit. Also, the bit is the fundamental storage unit of computer memory. The 8-bit (8-digit) binary number or code is called byte and 16-bit binary number or code is called word. (Some microprocessor manufactures refer the basic data size operated by the processor as word).

What is the drawback in machine language and assembly language, programs?

                               The machine language and assembly language programs are machine dependent. The programs developed using these languages for a particular machine cannot be directly run on another machine

What are machine language and assembly language programs?

                         The software developed using 1's and 0's are called machine language, programs. The software developed using mnemonics are called assembly language programs.

What is assembly language?

                          The language in which the mnemonics (short -hand form of instructions) are used to write a program is called assembly language. The manufacturers of microprocessor give the mnemonics.

What is Software and Hardware?

                              The Software is a set of instructions or commands needed for performing a specific task by a programmable device or a computing machine.

                                The Hardware refers to the components or devices used to form computing machine in which the software can be run and tested. Without software the Hardware is an idle machine

What are the basic units of a microprocessor?

                          The basic units or blocks of a microprocessor are ALU, an array of registers and control unit.

Foreign Key

                           A foreign key (FK) is a column or combination of columns that is used to establish and enforce a link between the data in two tables. You can create a foreign key by defining a FOREIGN KEY constraint when you create or modify a table.

What is Microprocessor?

                         It is a program controlled semiconductor device (IC}, which fetches, decode and executes instructions

Primary Key

                                    The primary key of a relational table uniquely identifies each record in the table. It can either be a normal attribute that is guaranteed to be unique (such as Social Security Number in a table with no more than one record per person) or it can be generated by the DBMS (such as a globally unique identifier, or GUID, in Microsoft SQL Server). Primary keys may consist of a single attribute or multiple attributes in combination

What are the advantages of .net over Java?

Both the technoligies have their own advantages. 

.Net
1) If the application is Windows platform specific then use .Net 
2) .Net is Language independent, so if the team has multiple skill expertise C#, VB.NET , C++ , developers can still work on the same project with different skill set. 
3) MS technologies provides RAD (rapid application development) to deviler project faster, customers always prefer faster delivery.
4) Debugging is very effort-less therefore, can fix the bugs quicker.
5) deployment is very easy and simple
6) Ajax implementation is simple & easy

.Java on the other hand
1) Platform independent
2) Open source
3) Dependant on the 3rd party tools to develop applications